References
The extensive list of scientific articles and books provides a solid foundation for Not a Choice. Our books and articles transform the scientific language into everyday English. Thank you for reading.
Ahn, Janice Y., J.T. Lee. “X Chromosome: X Inactivation,” 2008. X Chromosome Inactivation | Learn Science at Scitable. Nature Education. Web. February 1, 2020.
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/x-chromosome-x-inactivation-323/
AXYS, “About 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome),” 2016. About 47,XXY|The Association for X and Y Chromosome Variations. AXYS. Web. February 24, 2020.
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Berletch, Joel B, Fan Yang, Jun Xu, Laura Carrel, & Christine M. Disteche. “Genes that escape from X inactivation,” May 26, 2011. Genes that escape from X inactivation. US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Web. December 26, 2019.
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Conklin, Jamie. “Chromosomes,” January 7, 2019. Understanding Genetics. Stanford University, Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, The Tech Interactive. Web. February 9, 2020.
https://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask295
Coughlan, Andy. “What do the new ‘gay genes’ tell us about sexual orientation?” December 7, 2017. What do the new ‘gay genes’ tell us about sexual orientation? | New … . Newscientist.com. Web. December 31, 2019.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2155810-what-do-the-new-gay-genes-tell-us-about-sexual-orientation/
eNCA. “German law allows third gender in birth certificates,” December 14, 2018. German law allows third gender in birth certificates | eNCA. eNews Channel Africa (eNCA). Web. September 23, 2019.
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Genetics Home Reference: Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. “How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene?” January 21, 2020. How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene – Genetics Hom…. US National Library of Medicine. Web. January 31, 2019.
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Genetics Home Reference: Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. “Triple X syndrome,” June 2014 (last reviewed); August 20, 2019 (web site updated). Triple X syndrome – Genetics Home Reference – NIH. US National Library of Medicine. Web. August 25, 2019.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/triple-x-syndrome
Genetics Home Reference: Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. “Turner syndrome,” October 2017 (last reviewed); August 20, 2019 (web site updated). Turner syndrome – Genetics Home Reference – NIH. US National Library of Medicine. Web. August 25, 2019.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/turner-syndrome#
Genetics Home Reference. “46,XX testicular disorder of sex development.” January 21, 2020. 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development – Genetics Home…. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services. Web. February 7, 2020.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/46xx-testicular-disorder-of-sex-development#genes
Goldman, Bruce. “Two Minds: the cognitive differences between men and women,” Spring 2017. How men’s and women’s brains are different. Stanford Medicine. Web. August 21, 2019.
https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2017spring/how-mens-and-womens-brains-are-different.html
Gorski, R. A., Gordon, J. H., Shryne, J. E., and Southam, A. M. (1978). Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Res. 148, 333–346.
Green, Emma. “Why Trump Is Rolling Back LGBTQ Health-Care Protections,” May 24, 2019. Trump’s Rollback of LGBTQ Protections in Obamacare – The Atlantic. The Atlantic. Web. August 21, 2019.
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/trumps-rollback-lgbtq-protections-obamacare/590239/
IUPUI. “Meiosis and Formation of Eggs and Sperm,” February 16, 2000. Meiosis and Formation of Eggs and Sperm. IUPUI Department of Biology. Web. December 31, 2019.
https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100H/ch9meiosis.html
Joel, Daphna, Alicia Garcia-Falgueras, and Dick Swaab. “The Complex Relationships between Sex and the Brain,” The Neuroscientist, I-14 (2019).
Joel, Daphna et al., “Sex beyond the genitalia: The human brain mosaic,” November 30, 2015. Sex beyond the genitalia: The human brain mosaic | PNAS. Web. January 29, 2020.
https://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15468
Koch, Evan. “Study Links Exposure to Common Chemicals During Early Pregnancy to Altered Hormone Levels in Fetus,” March 9, 2017. Study Links Exposure to Common Chemicals During Early Pregnancy to Altered Hormone Levels in Fetus | On the Pulse. Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, On the Pulse.
https://pulse.seattlechildrens.org/study-links-exposure-to-common-chemicals-during-early-pregnancy-to-altered-hormone-levels-in-fetus-that-can-lead-to-genital-abnormalities-in-boys/
Koppens, PF; Hoogenboezem, T; Degenhart, HJ. “Adrenogenital syndrome. I. Introduction, enzymology, and heredity” [translated from Dutch], August 1989. [Adrenogenital syndrome. I. Introduction, enzymology, and heredity] – PubMed – NCBI. PubMed.gov, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Web. August 25, 2019.
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Kruijver, F. P. M., Zhou, J. N., Pool, C. W., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. G., and Swaab, D. F. (2000). Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 2034–2041.
Leblanc, Rick. “What Do Recycling Symbols Mean?” January 19, 2019. What Do Recycling Symbols Mean? The Balance Small Business. Web. September 5, 2019.
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LeVay, Simon. Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. 2011. New York. Oxford University Press.
LeVay, Simon. Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation, second edition. 2016. New York. Oxford University Press.
Moir, Anne and Jessel, David. Brain Sex: The Real Difference between Men & Women. 1991. New York, NY: Carol Publishing Group.
National Institutes of Health. “Swyer Syndrome,” January 1`, 2020. Genetics Home Reference – Genetics – NIH. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services. Web. February 7, 2020.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/swyer-syndrome#genes
NCBI. “Genes and Disease.” 1998. Updated January 31, 2011. Chromosome Map – Genes and Disease – NCBI Bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Web. February 4, 2020.
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NCBI. “SRY Gene.” January 21, 2020. SRY Gene – Genetics Home Reference – NIH. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Web. February 7, 2020.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SRY#synonyms
NIH, “Congenital radioulnar synostosis,” July 11, 2017. Congenital radioulnar synostosis | Genetic and Rare Diseases …. NIH (National Institutes of Health), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). Web. February 24, 2020.
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10876/congenital-radioulnar-synostosis
Powell-Hamilton, Nina N. “Triple X Syndrome.” November 2018. Triple X Syndrome – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Merck. Web. August 21, 2019.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/chromosome-and-gene-abnormalities/triple-x-syndrome
Powell-Hamilton, Nina N. “Klinefelter Syndrome.” November 2018. Klinefelter Syndrome – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Merck. Web. August 21, 2019.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/chromosome-and-gene-abnormalities/klinefelter-syndrome?query=klinefelter%20syndrome
Powell-Hamilton, Nina N. “Turner Syndrome.” November 2018. Turner Syndrome – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Merck. Web. August 21, 2019.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/chromosome-and-gene-abnormalities/turner-syndrome?query=turner%20syndrome
Powell-Hamilton, Nina N. “XYY Syndrome.” November 2018. XYY Syndrome – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Merck. Web. August 21, 2019.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/chromosome-and-gene-abnormalities/xyy-syndrome?query=xyy%20syndrome
PubMed. “Extreme skewing of X chromosome inactivation in mothers of homosexual men.” December 21, 2005. Extreme skewing of X chromosome inactivation in mothers of …. NCBI, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, PubMed.gov. Web. February 8, 2020.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16369763
Republic of South Africa. “Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003.” March 15, 2004. Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act [No. 49 of 2003]. Government Gazette, Vol. 465, No. 26148. The Presidency, Cape Town, South Africa. Web. September 23, 2019.
https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/a49-03.pdf
Republic of South Africa. “Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000.” English text signed by the President. February 2, 2000. http://juta/nxt/print.asp?NXTScript=nxt/gateway.dll&NXTHost=jut. Republic of South Africa. Web. September 23, 2019.
https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-004.pdf
Salaudeen, Aisha. “Growing up intersex in a country where it is believed to be bad luck.” September 22, 2019. Growing up intersex in a country where it is believed to be bad luck – CNN. CNN – Inside Africa. Web. September 23, 2019.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/21/health/intersex-south-africa-intl/index.html
Servick, Kelly. “Study of gay brothers may confirm X chromosome link to homosexuality.” November 17, 2014. Study of gay brothers may confirm X chromosome link to …. Sciencemag.org. Web. December 31, 2019.
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/11/study-gay-brothers-may-confirm-x-chromosome-link-homosexuality
Sopelsa, Brooke, “Gay workers not covered by civil rights law, Trump admin tells Supreme Court,” August 23, 2019. Gay workers not covered by civil rights law, Trump admin tells Supreme Court. NBC News. Web. August 25, 2019.
https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/gay-workers-not-covered-civil-rights-law-trump-admin-tells-n1045971
Speer, Marcy C., “Crossing Over,” updated January 26, 2020. Crossing Over | Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Web. February 7, 2020.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/genetics-and-genetic-engineering/crossing-over
Swaab DF, Gooren LJ, Hofman MA. “Brain research, gender and sexual orientation,” 1995. Brain research, gender and sexual orientation. – PubMed – NCBI. PubMed.gov. Web. September 5, 2019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7560933
Swaab, Dick, Our Creative Brains: How World and Mankind Shape Each Other. Translated by Liz Waters. 2019. Amsterdam, Atlas Contact.
Swaab, Dick, We Are Our Brains: From the Womb to Alzheimer’s. Translated by Jane Hedley-Prôle. 2014. London, Penguin Books.
Swaab, Dick F. et al., “Structural and Functional Sex Differences in the Human Hypothalamus,” March 1, 2001. Structural and Functional Sex Differences in the Human Hypothalamus. Hormones and Behavior 40, 93–98 (2001). Web. September 5, 2019.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9a43/eba84fb968941b58db76dc2ea02f049fe369.pdf
Taylor, Lin. “Only five countries give LGBT people equal constitutional rights: research,” June 29, 2016. Only five countries give LGBT people equal constitutional rights: research – Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Web. September 23, 2019.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-lgbt-rights/only-five-countries-give-lgbt-people-equal-constitutional-rights-research-idUSKCN0ZF1IC
van der Heijden, Godfried W, Maureen Eijpe, and Willy M Baarends. “The X and Y chromosome in meiosis: how and why they keep silent,” July 25, 2011. The X and Y chromosome in meiosis: how and why they keep silent. Asian Journal of Andrology. Web. February 9, 2020.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3739570/
Wikipedia, “Biology and sexual orientation,” updated December 31, 2019. Biology and sexual orientation – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Web. December 31, 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation
Wikipedia, “David Reimer,” updated December 3, 2019. David Reimer – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Web. December 13, 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reimer
Wikipedia, “Hermann Henking,” updated June 14, 2017. Hermann Henking – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Web. February 10, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Henking
Wikipedia, “Xq28,” updated September 5, 2019. Xq28 – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Web. October 17, 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xq28
Wikipedia, “Y chromosome,” updated January 29, 2020. Y chromosome – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Web. February 9, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome
Williams, Christina L. and Pleil, Kristen E. “Toy story: Why do monkey and human males prefer trucks? Comment on ‘Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children’ by Hassett, Siebert and Wallen,” October 2, 2009. Toy story: Why do monkey and human males prefer trucks? NCBI. Web. December 17, 2019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755553/
Zhou, J. N., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. G., and Swaab, D. F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 378, 68–70.
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